More Musings

In Zen we are cautioned not to mistake the pointing finger for the moon. Or the map for the terrain. To become more self-aware or spiritual many of us have attended retreats, listened to fine speakers, or read helpful books. My penchant was for the last---I read all kinds of books on Zen, various aspects of Buddhism, and generally on Eastern wisdom, much of it dealing with respect and compassion for others. The latter concepts had a great intellectual impact on me, except for one thing---I did not change my behavior a bit, at least not for 30 years. Neither did most others I know. Talk (or reading) is cheap.

What passes for conversations these days is sad. Not perfect 50 years ago, things seem to have gotten considerably worse. As self-concern and narcissism have increased, people see themselves as more important than the person opposite them. The unspoken message is, “You exist only as listening post or a foil for my next story, observation or opinion.” Of course, this is deniable, but still prevalent even among very nice people. When I was teaching college, one such person would greet me with, “How are you?” Early on, thinking he was actually interested, I talked a bit about what was going on. He could barely suppress his urge to start talking about himself. Once I was finished, he launched into a monologue lasting as long as we were interacting. It took two of these “conversations” for me to start looking for someone else to chat with.

I have heard for decades that each person has her own truth, valid in and of itself, and for which she is answerable to no one. At one level this seems reasonable because of human subjectivity. But at another, perhaps not. If I accept that you have a complete right to your unique truth, then I have nothing to say about it. You could call me any horrid thing you want, short of libel, and I must accept your truth. Carrying this a bit further, as a devoted post-modernist (which I’m not), I should actually welcome this display of individual “truth uniqueness.” But my moral high ground collapses, and hypocrisy raises its ugly head, as I exercise the unfortunately normal response to a perceived attack---counter-attack or defend.

“The stupidity of people comes from having an answer for everything.” A quote from the fine Czech writer Milan Kundera. The more uncertain the world, the more some people need Answers, utopian silver bullets that temporarily soothe their angst and “explain” the world and its unstable condition. Overall societal uncertainty breeds fear and causes many to look desperately for structure. Answers and people who think the same way provide this, albeit at the expense of reality. Fear also arises from those with a personal need to have Answers, a dynamic generally arising from childhood, where not having the Answer meant very big trouble. And fear also comes, usually in conflict settings, when folks are confronted with others having a different view of something, anything. When fear generates the need for Answers, for whatever reason, people usually live in a constant state of agitation. They see slights, insults and problems everywhere which, in utopian fashion, they want gone. But the world and people in it stubbornly resist fitting into a defined and rigid structure. Intentionally blind to reality, they redouble their efforts, magnifying their anxiety, and often inducing rage. Not a healthy picture for society or for interpersonal relations.

You may have been on the receiving end of some harsh words by a friend, relative, or even total stranger. Perhaps that person apologizes, but does so with the “but” caveat. Whenever you hear someone say, “I’m sorry that I trashed your mother, but…,” run for the hills. This is a cheap trick to avoid real responsibility for an unkindness or a loss of temper. Following the “but” is the supposed rationale for the outburst, negating the apology. It means, “In spite of my token apology, I will tell you why I was completely justified in calling your mother an idiot.” Simply apologize. No justifications, no denials, no explanations.

“Via negativa” is a Latin phrase originally used to explain what God is by looking at what He is not, as opposed to what He is. Non-theologically, it can be used to improve our lives by subtraction rather than by addition. Akin to the “less is more” idea, the most obvious action is to reduce material goods. Fine. But more subtlely, suppose we give up something in our relations with others, like our unhealthy needs---to be right, to win, to be loved, to be perfect, to punish, etc? An obvious benefit to us and others. Of course, even conceiving of such an effort itself requires a “give up.” Disposing of the ardently positive thinking we have about ourselves is a good start. Accepting that we have these unhealthy needs must precede the subtraction of those needs and their unpleasant outcomes from our behavior. Addition through subtraction.

Definitional Patterns and Beneficial Communication

There are words that are accepted by most people as having “sort of” one meaning, and about which there is little disagreement. Car, house, clouds, keys, and room are examples.

Then there are words that have multiple meanings depending on each person’s subjective view. Consider the following: love, respect, character, generosity, harmony, greed, openness, pride, compassion, assertiveness, honor, beauty, clarity, courtesy, wonder, hate, enthusiasm, honesty, flexibility, humility. All of these allow for different interpretations, often substantial, and agreement on definitions is difficult.

I am not suggesting that there are no standards at all for such words, but those standards often remain unique to each person or group. For example, some art critics view post-modernism as abysmal, and some who find it wonderful. Each group has its own standards defining what art is good and what is not, and those basic definitions are in opposition. If each group accepts its views as being absolute, there will be no dialogue and no meeting of the minds---which does not mean they have to agree. But for quality thinking and debate, they do need to clearly understand the other group’s views and the reasoning behind those. If the two groups hold their views rigidly, the chance that any beneficial conversation will occur approximates zero.

Like some art critics, we as individuals often hold rigid views of the meaning of words, with the same undesirable outcome---hostility and unpleasant personal interactions arising from our need to refute and punish those who differ. We are certainly entitled to our definition, as is the other person. And there is no obligation to give up that, short of the demands of intellectual honesty. The issue is not disagreement, but the way it is carried out. Rigid views mean rigid responses, with mutual understanding and quality interactions the victims.

Quality communicating means not only that we accept that another has a different definition than we do, but that there may well be at least some legitimacy to his view. That means we have to explore with them the meaning of their definition without the overt or hidden agenda of trying to change them or to punish them. I have developed a technique to conduct this type of interaction, a process of developing definitional patterns.

As a consultant I once worked with an organization that wanted to develop a set of operating values. The executives brought representatives from all over the firm, top to bottom, to help with the development. One of the important values the group enthusiastically agreed on was respect. But back at work trouble arose almost immediate because participants never explored how each defined the new value. There was apparently an unknown assumption that everyone had the same definition. It was my mistake not to have questioned this at the start. For example, some participants saw respect as telling others directly what they thought of them and their work. At one level has redeeming aspects, but at another can cause difficulties. Others saw respect as being more careful and indirect when stating opinions to another, a view that also has both beneficial and problematic aspects.

Because of that experience, I started to use the concept of definitional patterns. These help us see and accept that multiple valid definitions exist for many words, and that the differences can be very useful in obtaining a deeper understanding of complex issues, and of people’s behavior surrounding those. This understanding is vital for the health of our relations with others, and for the thinking that is part and parcel of that. Quality thinking cannot arise from an inadequate understanding of the opponent’s view, nor can it arise when definitions are held rigidly.

A definitional pattern can be imagined as an empty balloon on a piece of paper, or on a white board. With a small group (not very useful for large groups) the consultant in an organization slowly and carefully teases out the various interpretations of the value which have beneficial operating meaning, with these going inside the balloon. The unworkable ones are left outside the balloon (done by the facilitator with due respect for the contributor). Now we have a clearer picture of how people see the value. The next step is to examine how the value, with its various interpretations, will work in the organization as each person acts out his definition. The value of “top-flight customer care,” for example, can play itself out in numerous acceptable ways. Appreciating this prevents a fixation on one interpretation. The conversation leads everyone to understand, and accept, that others in the firm will see and operate somewhat differently regarding customer care, but that everyone will generally be on the same page. Potential problems are addressed up front, with management also leaving open the need for more conversations to crystallize the value further.

Friends, relatives and spouses can also use this type of discussion to examine how they might think differently about an issue or action, especially in dealing better with conflict. Early in our marriage my wife would sometimes react with “Why did you get soooooo angry?” This was a mystery to me because I saw my reaction as a rather light-weight 3 on a scale of 1-10. After a lot of mis-steps and spats over this type of thing, I asked her about her response. She explained that her mother had very dangerous anger, leading my wife to see all anger as a 10, lacking any gradations. I realized then I had a big obligation---to ensure she felt safe during disagreement. My expression of anger had to be modified, and in many cases dispensed with. Not easy, considering anger was part of my “normal” repertoire. But without our conversation about our unique views of anger, I would not have known what to do.

I hope the message is clear. Definitional pattern or no, rational and at least relatively unbiased thinking only happens when we clearly understand the other person’s views on their terms, not ours. Further, we have to treat both the person and her views with respect, whether we agree or not. It would have been easy for me to dismiss my wife’s views because they did not mesh with mine, a very common problem in most relationships. But with her input, I realized that I could not continue to exist in the rigidity of my own views’ rightness. For our relationship to continue to grow, I had to pay very close attention to her views and needs, and to act on those. For her part, she met me more than half-way, for which I am hugely grateful.

One last thing: what if what the other person says is wrong, or delivers his view with sarcasm or victimization, or refuses to play fair? No matter. The conversation still goes on. Things will be more awkward and challenging for the one playing beneficially, but that is still the only helpful choice left. Allowing ourselves to become consumed with frustration or anger because the other is not in the game accomplishes less than nothing. We owe it to ourselves to maintain our own self-respect and that of the other.

Voltaire and Fools

Voltaire was one of history’s great thinkers, with many insightful quotes attributed to him. From those few below you can see that he had his common-sense hat on firmly. He captures in very few words a vital aspect of daily life that deserves our attention. We are in constant conflict with each other, often quite negative. Much of this conflict arises because we have a deep emotional need for certainty, to be right, a frequent topic of mine, and part of all four quotes. And it is also because we have raised self-deception to a fine art. We often believe, for example, that we are quite objective and have little or no need for certainty, views incomplete at best and wrong at worst.

To a greater or lesser degree, the quotes share the common theme of self-understanding and self-improvement. They express the hurdles we have created for ourselves, in part through the need for emotional certainty, a condition completely at odds with the way a constructive society can work. It also undermines healthy interpersonal conflict, ensuring only frustration and disrespectful action. And it just as easily compromises quality thinking and beneficial discourse. And perhaps the biggest problem of all---those afflicted by such adverse emotional and cognitive conditions live in near complete denial.

"It is difficult to free fools from the chains they revere"

 The "chains" represent emotional capture. Because we are all snared to some degree, usually be different things, we are all fools to some degree. We are not unintelligent, but foolish in allowing the chains to exist and even grow. A chain is any position, view, value, belief, etc., held in an emotional death grip, one of complete certainty, and which generally leads to behavior detrimental to others. Reason and common sense have no place in this construct. Objectivity is compromised, often in the extreme. We live a challenged life, constantly wondering why we have so much trouble with people we disagree with, whose views we often find repugnant. Even those we care for can be the recipients of this unfortunate behavior. But we assure ourselves, as only those practiced at fooling themselves can, that it is all the others' fault.

"Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is absurd"

The world is in constant flux. Movement and change are inescapable, and are increasing in American society and elsewhere, leading us to try to find certainty somewhere, anywhere. We seek to reduce the fear arising from society's mounting upsets to stability, a significant one being more people who disagree with us or who do so more virulently. Past support systems that once offered a degree of stability are weak or non-existent. So, we may react to this instability by seeking, sometimes in desperation, for something solid to believe in, to hold us together. Lacking anything substantive in the way of real stability, we imagine that certainty will provide us emotional support, which it fails utterly to do. But it does ensure that any person or view threatening our fragile and near useless structure of solidity will be punished severely. 

"Prejudices are what fools use for reason"

We often unwittingly allow our prejudices to consume us. Having no idea of their existence, we self-righteously think we have none, a view held with certainty. But we have lots of them, which nearly always lead to bad outcomes for others who dislike the prejudicial messages we are sending. We like seeing ourselves as rational, our thinking and discourse untainted by the unpleasantness of prejudices. Acknowledging damaging and disrespectful prejudices upsets this vision, and must be denied or destroyed. This allows us to wander "happily" and blindly in an artificial world of our own creation, one in which true reason and common sense are absent. For prejudicial pyrotechnics, just ask a political partisan of one party about the moral condition of the other party, and then duck. Either party will do because the emotional construct of partisans of any stripe unites them more than they know, or would ever admit. 

"Opinion has caused more trouble on this little earth than plagues or earthquakes"

Like prejudices, which we assuredly do not have, we are loaded with opinions, freely acknowledged and shared with abandon. Fine enough. The problem is not having opinions, which are seen by balanced folks as tentative. The problem is the emotional capture causing us to see them as Truth, not having a wisp of the tentative about them. They are not subject to honest and courageous critique, and are propounded with certainty. Validation? Evidence? Openness? Why do I need those when I KNOW my opinions are correct. As I was informed when an undergraduate at Berkeley many decades ago, "Whatever you feel is good." You feel your opinion is correct? So it is. A fool's errand. 

Chains, certainty, prejudices, and opinions may be the modern incarnation of the four horsemen of the apocalypse. Driven at root by fear, these produce little more than unhealthy conflict and damage to everyone around, including ourselves. They exist for us at some level because that is what we want. Some folks imagine that their undesirable behavior is justified because they are righteously indignant or angry about something. This justification allows them to act with little restraint, taking no responsibility for the bad outcomes of their actions. The emotional capture by the four "horsemen" makes us among the most dangerous fools.